Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay Black political activity during the Reconstruction after the Civil War came from the experience of after war slavery or what was called servitude. A strong sense of community grew out of shared racial oppression and contributed to the formation of a political stand for the black freedman. Even though this formation was important it really did not become very strong after the Civil War. Emancipation was confusing to most blacks and the wartime disorder didn’t help the uncertain situation. Freedmen moved very cautiously to explore what changes were happening in their lives. They were more interested in individual measures to enhance their freedom and avoided becoming politically active. One of the freedmen’s first desires was to leave anything having to do with slavery behind. They wanted to define their new status different than the slavery they had known. What many blacks did first after becoming free was to leave the plantation that had enslaved them. Some looked for family and other headed for towns and cities, but most wanted to leave. Autonomy was a key issue that arose out of emancipation. At first the freedmen hoped their needs would be met by the federal government. Inspired by wartime confiscation of planters land, and the promise of the Freedmen’s Bureau, the former slaves waited for their â€Å"forty acres and a mule†. The Freedmen’s Bureau was a temporary agency set up to aid the former slaves by providing relief, education, legal help, and assistance in gaining land or employment and came from the Reconstruction period. The problem of how to reconstruct the Union after the South’s military defeat was won of the most difficult challenges faced by American policymakers. The Constitution didn’t provide any guidelines. The farmers had not anticipated a division of the country into warring sections. Emancipation was a major force for the Northern war aims, but the problem became larger when questions arose on how far the federal government should go to secure freedom and civil rights for former slaves. The debate that followed led to a major political crisis. Advocates of a minimal Reconstruction policy favored quick restoration of the Union with no protection for the freed slaves beyond the prohibition of slavery. Proponents of a more radical policy wanted readmission of the southern states to be dependent on guarantees that loyal men would displace the Confederate higher ups in position of power and that blacks would gain some of the basic rights of American citizenship. The White House wanted the lesser approach and congress endorsed the more radical approach of Reconstruction (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson Williams, 1987, p. 457). The tension between the President and Congress on how to reconstruct the Union began during the war. Lincoln never had a plan for bringing the states back together, but he did take some initiatives that indicated a more lenient and forgiving policy towards Southerners who gave up the struggle and denounced slavery. Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863 that offered a full pardon to all Southerners, except certain classes of Confederate leaders, who would take an oath of allegiance to the union and acknowledge the legality of emancipation (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 11). This policy was meant to shorten the war. The President hoped that granting pardon and political recognition to oath-taking minorities would weaken the southern cause by making it easy for disillusioned confederates to switch sides. But Congress was unhappy with the President’s reconstruction experiments and in 1864 refused to seat the Unionists elected to the House and Senate from Louisiana and Arkansas. A minority of congressional Republicans, who were strong anti-slavery radicals, wanted protection for black rights as a precondition for the readmission of the southern states. These Republican militants were upset because Lincoln had not insisted that the constitution creators provide for black suffrage. The dominate view in Congress was that the southern states had definitely forfeited their place in the Union and that it was up to Congress to decide when and how they would be readmitted. Congress passed a Reconstruction bill of its own in 1864. The Wade-Davis bill which required that fifty percent of the voters must take an oath of future loyalty before the restoration process could begin (Divine Breen, Fredrickson Williams, 1987 p. 452). Those who would swear that they had never willingly supported the Confederacy could vote in an election for delegates to a constitutional convention. The bill did not require black suffrage, but it did give federal courts the power to enforce emancipation, but Lincoln used a pocket veto and refused to sign. Congress and the President remained stalled on the Reconstruction issue for the rest of the war. But during the last months in office Lincoln showed some desire to compromise. He showed much interest in getting the governments in Louisiana and Arkansas that he started, with the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863, to gaining full recognition but Lincoln was warming up to the ideal of including black suffrage in all of this. Sadly Mr. Lincoln died before anyone knew the outcome of the struggle between congress and this man. Andrew Johnson’s attempt at reconstruction also put him on the defensive with Congress creating the most serious crisis in the history of relations between the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. During the war Johnson endorsed Lincoln’s emancipation policy and carried it into effect. He viewed it primarily as a means of destroying the power of the planter class rather than as recognition of black humanity (Divine Breen, Fredrickson Williams, 1987). Johnson’s presidency was a huge surprise and really wasn’t suppose to happen considering that he was a southern Democrat and a fervent white supremacist. But the root of the problem was that he disagreed with the majority of Congress on what Reconstruction was supposed to accomplish. A believer of the Democratic states’ rights he wanted to restore the prewar feral system as quickly as possible, with the only changes being that states would no longer have the right to legalize slavery or to secede. Many Republican’s believed that if the old southern ruling class were to gain power they would devise a plan to subjugate blacks. Emancipation had removed the three-fifths clause of the constitution that counted slaves as only three-fifth of a person now they were to be counted in determining representation. Congress favored a Reconstruction policy that would give the federal government authority to limit the role of ex-confederates and provide protection for black citizenship (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 48). The disagreement between the President and Congress became irreconcilable in early 1866 when Johnson vetoed two bills that had passed with overwhelming Republican support (Fitzgerald, 1989, 81). The first was to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau and the second was a civil rights bill meant to nullify the black codes and guarantee to the freedmen full and equal benefit of all laws and security of self and property as the white had. Johnson was successful at blocking the Freedmen’s bureau bill but later a modified version did pass. The Civil Rights Act won the two-thirds majority needed to override the president’s veto. The main fact was that recovery would not happen or even begin until a new labor system replaced slavery. It was widely assumed in both the North and South that southern prosperity would continue to depend on cotton and that the plantation was the most efficient way for producing the crop. But rebuilding the plantation economy was hindered by lack of capital, the belief of southern whites that blacks would work only if forced, and by the freedmen’s resistance to labor conditions that were still basically slavery (Divine, Breen, Fitzgerald Williams, 1987). Blacks wanted to be small independent farmers rather than plantation laborers and they believed that the federal government would help them to attain their dreams. General Sherman, who had huge numbers of black fugitives follow his army on a famous march, issued an order in 1865 that set aside the islands and coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina for only black occupancy on forty acre plots. The Freedmen’s Bureau was given control of hundreds of thousands of acres of abandoned or confiscated land and authorized to make forty acre grants to black settlers for a three year period. After that they would have the option to buy at low prices. Over forty thousand black farmers worked on three hundred thousand acres of land they thought were going to be theirs (Berlin, 1976, p. 141). But the dream of forty acres and a mule the government promised was not going to happen. President Johnson pardoned the owners of most of the land assigned to the ex-slaves by Sherman and the Freedmen’s Bureau and along with the failure of congress to propose an effective program of land confiscation and redistribution the land blacks could not gain title to the land they had been working. The ex-slaves even without land and in poverty still were reluctant to settle down and commit their selves to wage labor for their former masters. They were hoping for something better and some still expecting grants of land while others were just trying to increase their bargaining power. The most common form of agricultural employment in 1866 was contract labor. Under this system workers would commit themselves for a year in return for fixed wages that the bulk of would be paid after harvest. Many planters were inclined to make hard bargains, abuse their workers or cheat them at the end of the year. The Freedmen’s Bureau took the role of reviewing the contracts and enforcing them. Buy the bureau officials had differing notions of what it meant to protect blacks from exploitation. Some stood up strongly for the rights of the freedmen; others served as allies of the planters, rounding up available workers, coercing them to sign contracts for low wages, and keeping them in line (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 138). After 1867 the bureau’s influence was fading and a new arrangement come from direct negotiations between planters and freedmen. Unhappy with gang labor and constant white supervision, blacks demanded sharecropper’s status. This meant that they wanted the right to work a small piece of land independently in return for a fixed share of the crop produced on it and that was usually half. With the shortage of labor this gave the freedmen enough leverage to force this arrangement on those planters who were unwilling. But many landowners found it to their advantage because it did not require much capital and forced the tenants to share the risks of crop failure or a fall in cotton prices. Blacks at first viewed sharecropping as a step up from wage labor and a direction towards land ownership, but in reality it was just a new kind of slavery (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 140). Croppers had to live on credit until their cotton was sold, and planters or merchants seized the chance to give them at high prices and huge rates of interest. Creditors were entitled to deduct what was owned to them out of the tenant’s share of the crop and this left most sharecroppers with no net profit at the end of the year, some with debt that had to be worked off the next year (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 141). Blacks moving to cities and towns found themselves living in an increasingly segregated society. The Black Codes of 1865 attempted to require separation of the races in public places but most of the codes were set aside by federal authorities as violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, but that was defeated by private initiatives and community pressures. In some cities blacks successfully resisted forced separation on streetcars by appealing to the military during the brief period when it exercised authority or by organizing boycotts. But they found it almost impossible to gain admittance to most hotels, restaurants, and other privately owned establishments that catered to whites. When black supported Republican governments came to power in 1868, some of them passed civil rights acts requiring equal access to public facilities, but little efforts were made to enforce the legislation (Berlin, 1976, p. 249). Some forms of racial separation were not openly discriminatory and blacks accepted or even endorsed them. Freedmen who had belonged to white churches as slaves welcomed the chance to join all black denominations which gave freedom from white dominance and a more congenial style of worship. The first schools for ex-slaves were all black institutions established by the Freedmen’s Bureau and various northern missionary societies (Berlin, 1976, p. 285). Blacks had been denied any education at all after the war and blacks viewed separate schooling as an opportunity rather than as a form of discrimination. The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency that was to give assistance and protection to the Southern ex-slave after the Civil war. It gave assistance to the relief of the needy of both white and black. Its main job was to improve labor relations, administering justice and developing a black educational system. The Bureau influence though suffered in the North and was mortally damaged in the South by corruption, especially those that were connected with promising Republican control of the black vote. These excesses strengthened resistance to black suffrage and encouraged secret organizations like the Ku Klux Klan (Sehat, 2007). The bureau was established under the War Department and was suppose to exist for one year after the war. It was strengthened and its life extended in 1866 when Johnson attempted to veto. Its Director was a Christian general by the name of Oliver O. Howard and functioned through ten districts. Each had an assistant commissioner with the power to control all individuals that were refugees and freedmen. The Freedmen’s Bureau became the strongest single instrument of Reconstruction. Even though it was ended in 1869 its educational activities were extended to 1872 and its soldiers’ bounty payments till 1872 and had an expenditure of about $20,000,000 (Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams, 1987). Reconstruction failed because it was inadequately motivated, conceived and enforced. But the causes of this failure remain in shadow. Some explain it in terms of an underlying racism that prevented white Republicans from identifying fully with the cause of the black equality. Others use the clash between the class interests of those in charge of implementing and managing Reconstruction and the poor people of the South who were supposed to benefit. But the basic issue raised by Reconstruction was how to achieve racial equality in America and that was not resolved during that era and is still in conflict even today. Reference: Berlin, I. (1976). Slaves without masters. New York: Vintage Books Divine, R. A. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. M. and Williams, R. H. (1987). America past and present, 2nd. Ed. Illinois: Scott , Foresman and Company. Fitzgerald, M. W. (1989). The union league movement in the deep south. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Gibson, G. J. (1957). Lincoln’s League: The league movement during the Civil War. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois. Sehat, D. ( 2007, May). The civilizing mission of Booker T. Washington. Journal of Southern History, 73(2), 323-362.

Millers Irony and the Truth about American Witch Hunts Essay -- Polit

Silence has pervaded every imaginable recess in the old dilapidated courthouse. A hundred silent onlookers hold their breath in baited anticipation. Suddenly, the dull sound that only wood can make as it slams into an desk echoes for what may as well be all eternity. A single man garners the attention of two hundred eyes as he unintentionally clears his throat. However his lips only are able to take form around one bloodcurdling word: guilty. Although of what crime depends on the time period of the aforementioned case, for trials such as these have occurred in American History not once but twice. The first began back in the 1600's in a little town known as Salem Massachusetts, where people were killed for crimes of witchcraft. The second instance, while not quite as known for bestowing rigor mortis still put ruin on the lives of many. Trials in the 1950's fueled by McCarthyism and the idea that communism was invading the United States led to the blacklisting of many people as supposed socialists. Arthur Miller saw the real story of the trials for supposed unamericans during his time and he set about making it known to the public. However, had miller outright stated his views he would have found himself in the same position as those who's stories he tried to tell. Therefore he devised a creative solution; he wrote a story based on events in the Salem witch trials that is nearly perfectly symbolic of the McCarthyism trials. Miller's extensive [use of] irony in the crucible reveals the actual motives behind events carried out during the Salem witch trials, and thereby he exposes the dark truth of what happened during 1950's McCarthyism trials on Unamerican activities. Even in the very beginning Miller wastes no time in d... ... in the court goes back to the confession of John proctor. He finally admits to his sin after months of concealing it and then Danforth and the court bluntly say to him â€Å"she spoke nothing of lechery, and this man has lied.† (113?) This shows that when an actual bit of truth is presented to the lawmen, they reject it and again side with the liars. The situational irony lies in the fact that when Proctor confesses his sin, the court rejects his confession altogether on only the evidence of his wife's claim. These three examples of irony are perhaps the most important of all in relation to McCarthyism. They reveal that the court itself may represent unfairness in its proceedings. (jr 23?) Miller urges his readers to believe that the judges not only believed liars and rejected the truth, but also that they pushed for the convictions rather than a fair trial.

Efficient Building Services

EFFICIENT Building Services Introduction The freshly constructed T2 Inspection Facility is located within Dubai’s Jebel Ali Port‘s Container Terminal 2. The edifice has five chief installations including particular review installation, detained stuff warehouse, Canis familiaris pace, usage review installation, and municipality review installation. The edifice was completed in the twelvemonth April 2013. The review installation is used for general review of lading come ining or go forthing the state. It has a 1.35-meter steel platform from the finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with a hinged lab isolation platform ( LIP ) concrete incline. The installation has hot rolled subdivisions with aluminum roof cladding scaling a tallness of 8.15 metre. Besides, the review installation has an opaque aluminum fencing around it with a tallness of 2 metres from the top of the platform. The detained stuff installation is to keep stuffs illicitly transported through the airdrome. The detained stuff warehouse occupied the land and first floors. It has a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for office country. The floor and wall tiles in wet countries have sixty square inch ceiling. Internal wall are painted with washable emulsion pigment for easiness in cleansing. Like the review installation, it has a platform with a tallness of 1.35 metre from finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with hinged LIP platform size concrete incline and concrete stairss. It besides has steel construction with a built up country of 732.0 m2and entire tallness of 9.20 metre, hot rolled subdivisions with aluminum roof facing and vision panels at roof. Besides, the installation has a hydraulic lift and steel stairway to ease entree to the edifice. The installation has a block walls for office, larder and lavatories. The Canis familiaris pace has a built up country of 65.70 m2and entire tallness of 5.35 metre. It has a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries with 60 square inches ceiling tiles. The floor and wall tiles for wet countries have sixty square inches H2O opposition ceiling tiles. The internal walls are coated with washable emulsion pigment while the exterior lifts and sunning zones are coated with epoxy pigment. The imposts review installation has a 1.35-meter platform from finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with hinged LIP platform size and concrete inclines. The installation has an office edifice with a built up country of 515 m2and entire tallness of 5.4 metre with hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. The floors have a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries the same size as the other installations ( 60 square inches ) . Wet countries have H2O immune tiles. The installation has block walls with washable emulsion pigment for internal walls. To heighten the lighting of the edifice, the roof has aluminium cladding with vision panels. The municipality review facility’s office edifice has a built up country of 800 m2and entire tallness of 5.0 metre. It has hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. Medium finish with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries with 60X60 false ceiling tiles, floor & A ; wall tiles for wet countries with 60X60 H2O opposition false ceiling tiles. It besides has block walls with washable emulsion pigment for internal walls. Main installations offered in the edifice Electrical system The edifice has a substation providing low electromotive force electricity into the edifice. It has one low electromotive force panel with seven Sub Main Distribution Boards. The system has on capacitance bank and eight poles light. It besides has backup generator for supplying electricity in times of breaks in brinies electricity. The electrical plants comply with the ordinances of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority ( DEWA ) ordinances. The edifice has particular LED lighting through all its installations that complies with CIBSE criterions. The country around the edifice has 30-Meter high masts that light the full location. The masts are equipped with adjustable metal halide visible radiations. Besides, the masts have supports on the lantern ring for IT entree point and security cameras. The edifice besides has power, telephone and information web canals that serve the building’s needs. The electrical canals step 150mm, telephone steps 100 millimeter, informations canals measure 100mm while security camera ducts step 100mm. Notably, power, and telephone and information web connexions to all installations in conformity with criterions laid down by the governments. Air conditioning and airing The edifice has a functional air airing system that complies with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE ) . All stuffs used in the edifice were sourced from certified makers. The stuffs comply with international specifications. The edifice is fitted with air conditioning equipment complete with window and wall fumes canals. The system has an automatic shutter to maximise the indoor air quality. The bringing pipes are made of insulated Cu. The refrigerating pipes run on the roof and have a metal covered tray to cut down heat addition from the environment. The air conditioning in the edifice comprises of 2 fresh air-handling units and 13 fumes fans. The system besides has a cosmetic split unit. A thermoregulator separates the split unit and the fresh air-handling unit. The FAHU runs continuously but is times to close down after having a fire dismay signal. The FAHU has an outside air and fumes dampers that remains unfastened when the system is running. These dampers stop four seconds after the supply fan Michigans. The AC system in the edifice can present a broad temperature scope with comparative easiness of accommodation. The system besides occupies small infinite largely in the ceiling. The system’s heat recovery option besides conserves energy good as it recovers most of the heat from exhaust pipes. However, dehumidification in these systems is non as efficient given that the edifice is near a big H2O organic structure. The system is besides comparatively expensive compared to other systems and necessitate expensive care over clip. It is besides comparatively noisy ( Huchtemann & A ; Muller, 2014, p.23 ) . Mechanical specification of the air conditioning The air status is designed to let for DE system. This is to let the grading of the air conditioning system to cover more room in instance of enlargement or alteration of internal design. In add-on, the air conditioning system supplies treated fresh air to all suites. The exhaust pipes will hold a heat recovery mechanism to retrieve heat from the exhaust air in cold times. The Inspection bays besides have hall have air conditioning and air drapes to maximise user experience. The detained stuff warehouse has forced airing to coerce air deep into the installation ( Joo & A ; Liu, 2001 ) . Water supply and drainage The edifice has equal fresh H2O supply to all its floors. In add-on, the edifice has three Grass Reinforced Panel keeping armored combat vehicles with a set of electrical pumps. The armored combat vehicles store as much H2O as possible for usage in times of deficit. Water is heated utilizing 14 H2O warmers situated at assorted locations in the supply system. Storm H2O is drained through 22 soak ways designed to suit as much H2O as possible. The soak ways are designed in a aslant place to let for easy flow of H2O into the chief drain. Fire system The edifice has an belowground fire pipe system that is lined by cement. The pips are coated with bitumen and are made of malleable Fe in line with American Water Works Association criterions ( AWWA ) . The edifice has an A/G RCC H2O armored combat vehicle to hive away H2O as required by the relevant ordinances. In add-on, the TSE irrigation pipe extends from bing pipes from the next secret plan. Ramps, stairwaies and Elevators The edifice has luxuriant entree installations including inclines, stairwaies and lifts. These are stationed at strategic topographic points in the edifice to ease entree to the other degrees ( Allen & A ; Iano, 2008 ) . Most of the entree paths in the edifice are through inclines and stairwaies. However, lifts are available for usage unit of ammunition the clock and are powered by electrical motors. They contribute well to electrical ingestion in the edifice. Other Systems The edifice has a assortment of systems that increase the edifices atmosphere including exigency lighting, telephone systems, informations lines, photocopiers and other office machinery. These systems enhance the usage of the edifice including disposal and review services. These public-service corporations consume an estimated 5 % of the edifices electricity. Administration Command Center The edifice has a cardinal bid centre. This electronic platform integrates communicating and control system in the full edifice to a cardinal location for easiness in commanding and communicating ( Indraganti, et al. , 2014 ; Shah, Prajapti & A ; Patel, 2012, p.10 ) . The Centre ensures that activities in the assorted operational units are coordinated and incase of an exigency, the proper safety steps are implemented. The halfway Acts of the Apostless as a cardinal mention point for the direction of people, induction off procedures and direction of the systems. The system reduces running costs as a little staff staffs the cardinal bid. In peculiar, the bid centre manages the low electromotive force power systems, metering systems and security systems in the company. The centre besides oversees the smooth flow of operations among the assorted runing units of the terminus. Most significantly, the centre undertakes everyday preventative and disciplinary care processs to cut down possibi lity of accidents and malfunctions. Technical restrictions of the edifice The terminal 2 edifice was commissioned in 2013. The edifice boasts extremist modern installations and a beautiful coating. Compared to other edifices, the terminal 2 edifice has a better design and is more suitable for comfy usage and life. Most of the air and H2O supply canals are insulated to cut down energy loss o the environment. However, there are a figure of restrictions in its design and systems. To get down with, the edifice is non energy efficient. Energy costs of running the edifice are high. These include lighting and air conditioning. The design did non take into history factors such as possibility of natural illuming during daylight to salvage on energy costs. In add-on, the detained warehouse installation has a limited infinite and needs a batch of air circulation ensuing in monolithic usage of electricity ( Bonda & A ; Sosnowchik, 2007, p.31 ) . In add-on, the edifice did non use equal green engineerings in the building and care of edifice installations. For case, the edifice uses electrical H2O warmers alternatively of tapping solar energy that is abundant in Dubai ( Nunnelly, 2008 ; Thomas, Zimmerman & A ; Ott, 2011, p.14 ; Kats, et al. , 2008 ; Huchtemann & A ; Muller, 2014 ) . Decision The T2 edifice was completed in the 2013 and has five chief installations including particular review installation, detained stuff warehouse, Canis familiaris pace, usage review installation, and municipality review installation. The review installation is used for general review of lading come ining or go forthing the state and has a tallness of 8.15 metre. The detained stuff installation holds stuffs illicitly transported through the airdrome and occupies the land and first floors. The Canis familiaris pace has a built up country of 65.70 m2and entire tallness of 5.35 metre and is used a meat for sniffer Canis familiariss. The imposts review has an office edifice with a built up country of 515 m2and entire tallness of 5.4 metre with hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. The municipality review facility’s office edifice has a built up country of 800 m2and entire tallness of 5.0 metre. It has hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete ( Lee & A ; Gue rin, 2010 ) . The edifice has equal supply of fresh H2O to all its floors complete with storage armored combat vehicles. However, while the edifice boasts extremist modern installations and a beautiful coating, it lags behind modern design in energy preservation. The energy costs of running the edifice are high including lighting, warming and air conditioning. The design failed to see usage of natural illuming during daylight to salvage on energy costs. In add-on, the edifice uses electrical H2O warmers alternatively of tapping solar energy that is abundant in Dubai. Mentions Joo, I. , Liu, M. ( 2001 ) . Performance Analysis of Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct Constant Volume Air Handling Units. Cover Art:1stInternational Conference for EnhancedConstructing Operations- ICEBOTexas A & A ; M University. 16-19 July. Accessed 9 February 2012 from the nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //repository.tamu.edu Nunnelly, R. ( 2008 ) . Design or operations issue? .Engineered System.Vol. 1. ( 1 ) :13. Shah, P. , Prajapti, D. Patel, M. ( 2012 ) . Overview of industrial filtration engineering and its applications.Indian Journal of Science and Technology[ online ] . Vol. 3. ( 10 ) . Thomas, Z. , Zimmerman, M. , Ott, A. ( 2011 ) . Next-Generation Building Energy Management Systems and Implications for Electricity Markets.U.S. Departmentof EnergyVol. 1. ( 14 ) . Accessed 9 February 2012 from the nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //www.osti.gov/bridge Bonda, P. , Sosnowchik, K. ( 2007 ) .Sustainable commercial indoor. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Kats, G. , Alevantis, L. , Berman, A. , Mills, E. , Perlman, J. ( 2008 ) The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc. Allen, E. , Iano, J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamentalss of constructing building: stuffs and methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc. Lee, Y. , Guerin, D. ( 2010 ) . Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified edifices in the US.Building and Environment. Vol.45 ( 5 ) : 1104–1112 Indraganti, M. , Ooka, R. , Rijal, H. , Brager, G. ( 2014 ) . Adaptive theoretical account of thermic comfort for offices in hot and humid climes of India.Building and Environment.Vol. 74: 39–53 Huchtemann, K. , Muller, D. ( 2014 ) . Combined simulation of a deep land beginning heat money changer and an office edifice.Building and Environment.Vol. 73: 97–105

Comparing Aime Cesaires A Tempest and Shakespeares The...

Comparing A Tempest and The Tempest William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest, arguably his finest work, on the eve of European colonization of the New World in 1611 (Hollander and Kermode 445-46). As a result, common European ideas about the New World in the early 1600s are alluded to throughout the play (446). Through the propagandistic writings of explorers like Captain John Smith, who authored a sensational and unsubstantiated account of his dramatic rescue from death at the hands of Indians by the Indian chiefà ­s beautiful daughter, Pocahontas, many Europeans developed an interest in the inhabitants of the New World (Smith 24-25). Indeed, from the various explorers stories that trickled hack to Europe, two different†¦show more content†¦Indeed, it is arguably the root of all other injustices that Europeans inflicted upon the natives of the New World Karl Marx, pointing to the capitalistic greed that served as a primary catalyst for colonizing the New World, waxes eloquent when he writes that the discovery of gold and silver in America the extirpation, enslavement and entombment in the mines of the aboriginal population, the beginning of the conquest and looting of the East Indies, the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signalizes the rosy dawn of capitalist production. (Keen 57) When word of the economic potential of the New World traveled back to Europe, various companies quickly maneuvered to exploit it for their own gain (Graff 55). Ostensibly, Europeans held three reasons for colonizing the New World: glory, God, and gold (Graff 41) While there was some evidence of sincere religious fervor (Graff 27), more often than not, religious ideology gave way to glory and economic gain (Keen 55-56). Worse yet, religion became a thin facade for covering up the greed for economic gain (Keen 106-08). Ironically, the King James Bible of 1611, the very Bible that many Europeans held dear to their hearts, warns of the atrocities of greed in a most prophetic way. For the Love of money is the root of all evil. . . . (I Timothy 6:11). Nevertheless, to many Europeans, the New World represented an opportunity to make a fortune (Garraty 2). It wasShow MoreRelated Comparing Power in Shakespeares Tempest and Aime Cesaires A Tempest1297 Words   |  6 PagesPower in Shakespeare s Tempest and Cà ©saires A Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Power is defined as the possession of control, authority, or influence over others.   In William Shakespeares The Tempest and Aimà © Cà ©saires A Tempest, power is a key element in the relationships that exist between characters.   As Caliban and Prospero battle for dominance over the island, Miranda finds that she holds a certain power of her own as she matures from an innocent youth to a sensual, strong-headed young woman.   Seen byRead More tempcolon Comparing Language in Shakespeares Tempest and Aime Cesaires A Tempest892 Words   |  4 PagesColonial Language in Shakespeares The Tempest and Aime Cesaires A Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Language and literature are the most subtle and seductive tools of domination. They gradually shape thoughts and attitudes on an almost subconscious level. Perhaps Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak states this condition most succinctly in her essay The Burden of English when she writes, Literature buys your assent in an almost clandestine way...for good or ill, as medicine or poison, perhaps always a bit of both(137)